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Orchestrating Freedom

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The New York Philharmonic orchestra arrived yesterday in Pyongyang for a two-day visit, culminating in a concert tonight. Christopher Hill, chief U.S. nuclear negotiator, has commented, "Sometimes North Koreans don't like our words. Maybe they will like our music."

The music -- Gershwin's "American in Paris," Dvorak's "New World Symphony" -- bids to be a revelation to listeners in a country where music, like everything else, serves the state, and jazz and other individualistic forms of art are banned. But it is words -- hours of them, spoken by free people relating news of life outside North Korea, and broadcast on AM radio into every corner of the country -- that have far greater potential to open up the Stalinist state.

That's the message that Jay Lefkowitz, President Bush's envoy for human rights in North Korea, offers on the eve of the Philharmonic's journey to Pyongyang. Mr. Lefkowitz doesn't object to the orchestra's visit, though he'd like to see Kim Jong Il permit an artistic or cultural group to come here, or even students. "It's the children of the elite who would be sent," he says, "but that's OK. Revolutions always start with the people who can see a better future for themselves."

But if you're looking for a real catalyst for change, he argues, try radio broadcasts, which "have the potential to destabilize North Korea." North Koreans "will learn about the growing prosperity of East Asia in which they have no part, thanks to their government."

As the West learned during the Cold War, radio broadcasting is one of the few ways to reach captive people directly. The U.S. does broadcast several hours a day in Korean on the Voice of America and Radio Free Asia; and funding doubled to about $8 million this year from $4 million in 2006. But the broadcasts are transmitted via short wave, which severely limits their reach. The transmitters are in countries that don't want to be named for fear of attracting the ire of China, Pyongyang's patron, and which aren't close enough to the North for medium-wave transmissions to AM radios.

The South Korean government, incredibly, has zero broadcasts to the North, which it prefers not to antagonize by giving North Koreans accurate news of the outside world. Nor does it permit privately funded radio services based in Seoul to transmit from South Korean territory, due to a 2000 agreement. But President Roh Moo-hyun left office yesterday. The new president, Lee Myung-bak, has spoken out forthrightly against human-rights abuses in the North.

In a country where listening to a foreign broadcast is a political crime -- and even possessing a radio that can be tuned to anything other than the government's propaganda can bring a harsh sentence -- broadcasting information that will reach significant numbers of listeners is more easily said than done. Yet activists working to improve human rights in North Korea largely agree that there is a unique window of opportunity at this time.

One reason is the growing availability of radios. The short-wave radios sold in North Korea are relatively expensive, come fixed to state-run stations, and must be registered with the authorities. However, thanks to a growing cross-border trade with China, much of it unofficial, cheap AM radios are proliferating in North Korea -- along with used videotape players that Chinese seek to sell when they upgrade to DVD players.

There's anecdotal evidence that one-third or more of the population has access to AM radios that can be freely tuned to non-government stations, according to Mr. Lefkowitz, an estimate confirmed by other North Korea watchers. The Chinese radios are also small, which means that they are easier to hide.

Brave Northerners hungry for information long ago figured out how to jury-rig short-wave radios to receive foreign broadcasts. An InterMedia survey, commissioned last year by the U.S. Broadcasting Board of Governors (which oversees Radio Free Asia and the Voice of America), found that more than 40% of defectors had listened to foreign short-wave broadcasts inside North Korea, despite the risk of punishment. That percentage is probably lower among the general population, but it nevertheless indicates a thirst for information from abroad.

Ask Kim Seong-min, a former officer in the North Korean army who fled to the South in the late 1990s and now runs Free North Korea Radio, which broadcasts 3 1/2 hours a day on short wave to the North. Mr. Kim says many more North Koreans are listening to foreign broadcasts today than in the 1990s. "We broadcast our phone number and our address," he said in a phone call from Seoul, "and we hear from people in the North who listen to us." State control over radios and cell phones, which are illegal, has loosened, he says, especially in areas near the Chinese border, and it's easier to bribe officials today.

 (The receptivity of North Korean officials to bribes is a point echoed by international aid workers, missionaries who work with North Korean refugees in China, and others who visit the North. "The whole ethos in the North today is not to serve the state," says a British professor who studies the North. "It's to make money.")

At the same time, it is still "very, very risky" to possess illegal radios or VCRs, Mr. Kim says. "People can be executed for listening to foreign radio or viewing South Korean [TV] dramas" on VCRs, he told a conference in the U.S. last year. He gives the example of several men in Hamju County, North Hamkyung Province, who were tried last spring for such "crimes." Three were executed.

The man with the greatest ability to get more information to more North Koreans is President Lee, who was inaugurated yesterday. If he is serious about his pledge to do more than his predecessor to help his fellow Koreans in the North, he will reverse the current policy and allow broadcasts from transmitters located in the South. There's an especially urgent need for medium-wave transmissions -- that is, to the AM radios that currently can't tune in foreign broadcasts.

While the North tries to jam foreign broadcasts, it has only limited success given the large amount of scarce electricity required. Unless China were to ride to the rescue -- Beijing has highly sophisticated jamming equipment to block foreign broadcasts aimed at its own people -- Pyongyang would not have the resources to block a surge in foreign broadcasts.

Last week on these pages, maestro Loren Maazel defended his orchestra's decision to play Pyongyang. "Such events have the potential to nudge open a door that has been closed too long," he wrote. Human-rights envoy Mr. Lefkowitz says he was "disturbed by the moral equivalency I heard from the conductor" in a pre-trip comparison of the treatment of prisoners in the U.S. and North Korea. Mr. Maazel seems to look past such atrocities as the network of prison camps in the North, where tens of thousands of political prisoners are incarcerated along with three generations of their families.

There can be little argument about the power of music to free minds. But the power of information is even greater. Breaking Pyongyang's near-absolute authority over information is key to empowering North Koreans to understand the truth about their country, and to seek freedom.

On Friday, North Korea's state media finally informed the public about the pending visit of the New York Philharmonic, in a brief report put out by the official news agency. Listeners of Radio Free Asia or the Voice of America learned that "secret" long ago.

Ms. Kirkpatrick is a deputy editor of the Journal's editorial page.

 

By MELANIE KIRKPATRICK
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL ASIA

February 26, 2008

 

 

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